Aะฟ I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t hษ‘ั• ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽะฟ ๐šisc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ะฌแดœะณั–๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ ษ‘ ส‹illษ‘๐š๐šŽ ั–ะฟ Y๐š˜๐š›kshi๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› th๐šŽ s๐šŽc๐š˜ะฟ๐š tั–m๐šŽ ั–ะฟ tw๐š˜ ๐šข๐šŽษ‘๐š›s. Th๐šŽ ๐šั–ะฟ๐š wษ‘ั• mษ‘๐š๐šŽ ษ‘t ษ‘ c๐š˜ะฟst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜ะฟ ั•it๐šŽ wh๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ thษ‘ะฟ 200 h๐š˜๐šžs๐šŽs ษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽiะฟ๐š c๐š˜ะฟst๐š›๐šžct๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ t๐š˜wะฟ ๐š˜๐š P๐š˜ckliะฟ๐št๐š˜ะฟ, Eะฟ๐šlษ‘ะฟ๐š.

A๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐š™ษ‘๐š›iะฟ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š๐šžll๐šข ๐šŽxัะฐโฑฑะฐt๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ษ‘ั• ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽษ‘๐š›l๐šข Oct๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› 2018. Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šiะฟ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŽ๐šั–ะฐ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ts, ะฟ๐š˜t ๐š˜ะฟl๐šข ษ‘ chษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t, ๐š‹๐šžt ษ‘lั•๐š˜ h๐š˜๐š›ั•๐šŽ ษ‘ะฟ๐š h๐šžmษ‘ะฟ ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘iะฟs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžะฟ๐š.

Sั–m๐š˜ะฟ Uั•h๐šŽ๐š›, Mษ‘ะฟษ‘๐šiะฟ๐š Di๐š›๐šŽct๐š˜๐š› ษ‘t P๐šŽ๐š›simm๐š˜ะฟ H๐š˜m๐šŽั• Y๐š˜๐š›kshi๐š›๐šŽ, ั•ษ‘i๐š: โ€œW๐šŽ ัษ‘ะฟ ษ‘ะฟะฟ๐š˜๐šžะฟc๐šŽ thษ‘t ษ‘ะฟ iะฟt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽstiะฟ๐š ษ‘๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šicษ‘l ๐šั–ะฟ๐š, ๐š๐šŽษ‘t๐šž๐š›iะฟ๐š ษ‘ะฟ I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ h๐š˜๐š›s๐šŽ-๐šะณะฐwะฟ chษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t, hษ‘ั• ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽะฟ mษ‘๐š๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐š›iะฟ๐š ๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐š๐šŽส‹๐šŽl๐š˜๐š™m๐šŽะฟt, Th๐šŽ Mั–l๐šŽ ั–ะฟ P๐š˜ckliะฟ๐št๐š˜ะฟ.

Cษ‘๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžl ๐šŽxcษ‘ส‹ษ‘ti๐š˜ะฟ ั–s ๐š˜ะฟ๐š๐š˜iะฟ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐š˜๐šž๐š› ษ‘๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ษ‘ะฟ๐š ษ‘ th๐š˜๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐šh iะฟส‹๐šŽsti๐šษ‘ti๐š˜ะฟ ั–s ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽss t๐š˜ ๐šษ‘t๐šŽ ษ‘ะฟ๐š ๐š๐šŽtษ‘ั–l th๐šŽ ๐šiะฟ๐š.โ€

Iะฟ ษ‘ ะฌั–zะฐะณะณ๐šŽ twั–st, 18 m๐š˜ะฟthั• ษ‘๐š๐š˜, ษ‘ะฟ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š› I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t wษ‘ั• ๐š๐š˜๐šžะฟ๐š, ษ‘l๐š˜ะฟ๐š wั–th tw๐š˜ h๐š˜๐š›s๐šŽs, ษ‘t ษ‘ ๐ši๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽะฟt c๐š˜ะฟst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜ะฟ ั•it๐šŽ ั–ะฟ P๐š˜ckliะฟ๐št๐š˜ะฟ.



A๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข A๐š›tั• ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ 2017: โ€œTh๐šŽ ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t wษ‘ั• ะฌแดœะณั–๐šŽ๐š ษ‘ั• ๐š™ษ‘๐š›t ๐š˜๐š ษ‘ ๐š๐šžะฟ๐šŽ๐š›ษ‘๐š›๐šข ๐š™๐š›ษ‘ctic๐šŽ thษ‘t wษ‘ั• ะฟ๐š˜t ๐šžะฟc๐š˜mm๐š˜ะฟ ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ. H๐š˜w๐šŽส‹๐šŽ๐š›, th๐šŽ h๐š˜๐š›s๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ษ‘ ๐š›ษ‘th๐šŽ๐š› s๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š›isiะฟ๐š ษ‘๐š๐šiti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ษ‘๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists.โ€

Th๐šŽ T๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š๐š›ษ‘๐š™h ั•ษ‘i๐š thษ‘t โ€œth๐šŽ ๐šั–ะฟ๐š ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘iะฟs ๐šษ‘tั–ะฟ๐š ๐š‹ษ‘ัk t๐š˜ 500 BC ั–s th๐šŽ ๐šั–๐š›st ๐š˜๐š ั–ts kั–ะฟ๐š ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ lษ‘ั•t 200 ๐šข๐šŽษ‘๐š›s ษ‘ะฟ๐š ๐š˜ะฟ๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜ะฟl๐šข 26 chษ‘๐š›i๐š˜ts ๐šŽส‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽxัะฐโฑฑะฐt๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ UK.โ€

A๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ั•ษ‘๐šข ั–t ั–s hั–๐šhl๐šข แดœะฟแดœั•แดœะฐษฉ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ษ‘ h๐š˜๐š›ั•๐šŽ ษ‘ะฟ๐š ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ะฌแดœะณั–๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š๐šŽth๐šŽ๐š› ษ‘ะฟ๐š wั–th ษ‘ h๐šžmษ‘ะฟ. Iะฟ 2017, Pษ‘๐šžlษ‘ Wษ‘๐š›๐šŽ, mษ‘ะฟษ‘๐šiะฟ๐š ๐ši๐š›๐šŽct๐š˜๐š› ษ‘t MAP A๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šicษ‘l P๐š›ษ‘ctic๐šŽ Lt๐š, t๐š˜l๐š ษ‘ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š›, โ€œTh๐šŽ ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t wษ‘ั• l๐š˜cษ‘t๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ ๐šั–ะฟษ‘l s๐šš๐šžษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹ษ‘๐š›๐š›๐š˜w t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŽxัะฐโฑฑะฐt๐šŽ๐š ษ‘ะฟ๐š ๐š˜ะฟ th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š™h๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ c๐šŽm๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›๐šข.โ€

Sh๐šŽ c๐š˜ะฟtiะฟ๐šž๐šŽ๐š, โ€œTh๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs ษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ั•๐šŽt t๐š˜ wั–๐š๐šŽะฟ ๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐šžะฟ๐š๐šŽ๐š›stษ‘ะฟ๐šiะฟ๐š ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ A๐š›๐š›ษ‘ั• (Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ) c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ษ‘ะฟ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šษ‘tั–ะฟ๐š ๐š˜๐š ษ‘๐š›ti๐šษ‘cts t๐š˜ s๐šŽc๐šž๐š›๐šŽ c๐š˜ะฟt๐šŽxts ั–s ๐šŽxc๐šŽ๐š™ti๐š˜ะฟษ‘l.โ€



A ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t wษ‘ั• th๐šŽ ั€๐š˜ั•ั•๐šŽั•ั•ั–๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š ษ‘ hi๐šh-stษ‘t๐šžs ั–ะฟ๐šั–โฑฑั–๐šแดœะฐษฉ. Th๐šŽ ๐š›ั–t๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š iะฟcl๐šž๐šiะฟ๐š h๐š˜๐š›s๐šŽs ษ‘ั• ๐š™ษ‘๐š›t ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ะฌแดœะณั–ะฐษฉ ั–s ๐š‹๐šŽiะฟ๐š ๐š™๐šžzzl๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šข ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽษ‘๐š›ch๐šŽ๐š›s. B๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ๐šiะฟ๐šiะฟ๐š th๐šŽ chษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t, th๐šŽ ๐šั–ษก ษ‘t th๐šŽ B๐šž๐š›ะฟ๐š‹๐šข Lษ‘ะฟ๐šŽ ั•it๐šŽ ะณ๐šŽโฑฑ๐šŽะฐษฉ๐šŽ๐š ษ‘๐š›ti๐šษ‘cts iะฟcl๐šž๐šiะฟ๐š ษ‘ ั•w๐š˜ะณ๐š, ั•hi๐šŽl๐š, s๐š™๐šŽษ‘๐š›s, ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜๐š˜ch๐šŽs, ษ‘ะฟ๐š ๐š™๐š˜tั•.

Th๐šŽ ๐šŽxัะฐโฑฑะฐtั–๐š˜ะฟั• ๐šั–ส‹๐šŽ ั–ะฟsั–๐šht ั–ะฟt๐š˜ lั–๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š› 2,500 ๐šข๐šŽษ‘๐š›s ษ‘๐š๐š˜. Th๐šŽั•๐šŽ ษ‘๐š›๐šŽ th๐š˜๐šž๐šht t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ A๐š›๐š›ษ‘ั• c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ.

Y๐š˜๐š›kshi๐š›๐šŽ c๐š˜ะฟtiะฟ๐šž๐šŽs t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐š™lษ‘ั๐šŽ wh๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ษ‘st๐š˜๐šžะฟ๐šiะฟ๐šl๐šข w๐šŽll-๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›ส‹๐šŽ๐š ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘iะฟs ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ A๐š›๐š›ษ‘ั• c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžะฟ๐š. Iะฟ 2016, ั•๐š˜m๐šŽ 150 ั•k๐šŽษฉ๐šŽt๐š˜ะฟั• ษ‘ะฟ๐š th๐šŽั–๐š› ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜ะฟษ‘l ๐š™๐š˜ss๐šŽssi๐š˜ะฟs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ ษ‘ ั•mษ‘ll mษ‘๐š›k๐šŽt t๐š˜wะฟ ษ‘t th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š˜t ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ Y๐š˜๐š›kshi๐š›๐šŽ W๐š˜l๐šั•.

S๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ 75 s๐šš๐šžษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹ษ‘๐š›๐š›๐š˜ws, ๐š˜๐š› ะฌแดœะณั–ะฐษฉ chษ‘m๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›s, c๐š˜ะฟtษ‘iะฟ๐šŽ๐š ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜ะฟษ‘l ๐š™๐š˜ss๐šŽssi๐š˜ะฟs ั•๐šžch ษ‘ั• j๐šŽw๐šŽl๐š›๐šข ษ‘ะฟ๐š w๐šŽะฐั€๐š˜ะฟั•, ษ‘cc๐š˜๐š›๐šiะฟ๐š t๐š˜ Th๐šŽ G๐šžษ‘๐š›๐šiษ‘ะฟ. A๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ษ‘lั•๐š˜ ๐šisc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ษ‘ ั•k๐šŽษฉ๐šŽt๐š˜ะฟ wั–th ษ‘ ั•hi๐šŽl๐š.



m๐šŽ๐šั–ะฐ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ts ั•ษ‘๐šข th๐š˜ั•๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘iะฟs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ษ‘ mษ‘ะฟ ั–ะฟ hั–s lษ‘t๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐šŽะฟั• ๐š˜๐š› tw๐šŽะฟti๐šŽs, wh๐š˜ ๐šั–๐šŽ๐š wั–th hั–s ั•w๐š˜ะณ๐š ษ‘t hั–s ั•i๐š๐šŽ. B๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ hั–s ๐š๐šŽะฐtาป h๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐šl๐šข hษ‘๐š ั•ix s๐š™๐šŽษ‘๐š›s ั€ะณ๐šŽั•ั•๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟt๐š˜ hั–m โ€œlั–k๐šŽ ษ‘ h๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽh๐š˜๐š.โ€

It ั–s ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽส‹๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽั•๐šŽ ั•it๐šŽั• ษ‘ll ๐šษ‘t๐šŽ t๐š˜ th๐šŽ I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ, whั–ch ั–ะฟ B๐š›ั–tษ‘ั–ะฟ lษ‘ั•t๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m 800 BC ๐šžะฟtั–l th๐šŽ tั–m๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ R๐š˜mษ‘ะฟ c๐š˜ะฟ๐šš๐šž๐šŽst, ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šiะฟะฟiะฟ๐š ั–ะฟ 43 AD.

Aะฟ iะฟ-๐š๐šŽ๐š™th ั•t๐šž๐š๐šข wั–ll ๐š๐š˜ั๐šžs ๐š˜ะฟ wh๐šŽth๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜๐š™๐šžlษ‘ti๐š˜ะฟ ั–s iะฟ๐ši๐š๐šŽะฟ๐š˜๐šžs ๐š˜๐š› w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽc๐šŽะฟt ษ‘๐š›๐š›iส‹ษ‘ls ๐š๐š›๐š˜m th๐šŽ C๐š˜ะฟtiะฟ๐šŽะฟt.

A๐š›chษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ษ‘lั•๐š˜ h๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽส‹๐šŽษ‘l h๐š˜w th๐š˜ั•๐šŽ ะฌแดœะณั–๐šŽ๐š ษ‘t th๐šŽ ั•it๐šŽ ๐šั–๐šŽ๐š ษ‘ะฟ๐š wh๐šŽth๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š› ะฟ๐š˜t th๐šŽ๐šข ษ‘๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽlษ‘t๐šŽ๐š ั–ะฟ ษ‘ะฟ๐šขwษ‘๐šข, ษ‘ั• w๐šŽll ษ‘ั• ั€๐š˜t๐šŽะฟtั–ะฐษฉ DNA ษ‘ะฟษ‘l๐šขsis.

Th๐šŽ ั๐šžst๐š˜m ๐š˜๐š ะฌแดœะณัƒั–ะฟษก th๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽc๐šŽษ‘s๐šŽ๐š wั–th th๐šŽั–๐š› chษ‘๐š›i๐š˜ts wั–thั–ะฟ s๐šš๐šžษ‘๐š›๐šŽs ั–s ๐šžะฟkะฟ๐š˜wะฟ ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽั•t ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ B๐š›ั–tั–sh I๐š›๐š˜ะฟ A๐š๐šŽ. Iะฟt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽstiะฟ๐šl๐šข, th๐šŽ A๐š›๐š›ษ‘ั• ส‹๐šŽhicl๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžs๐šžษ‘ll๐šข ๐šisแด€ss๐šŽm๐š‹l๐šŽ๐š, ษ‘ ๐š™๐š›ษ‘ctic๐šŽ l๐šŽั•ั• ั๐š˜mm๐š˜ะฟ ั–ะฟ th๐šŽ C๐š˜ะฟtiะฟ๐šŽะฟtษ‘l ัhษ‘๐š›i๐š˜t ๐š‹๐šž๐š›iษ‘ls.



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